The Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect Tense

1. We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experiences. It is important if we have done it in our lives or not. It is not important when we did it.

      Examples:
         I have been abroad two times.
         Anna has never broken a leg.
         Have you ever eaten sushi?

      Tip! We often use never and ever with the Present Perfect Tense to talk about experience.
  
2.We use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about an action which started in the past and continuous up to now.

      Examples:
         I have been a teacher for more than ten years.
         We haven't seen Janine since Friday.
         How long have you been at this school?

      Tip! We often use since and for to say how long the action has lasted.
 
3.We also use the Present Perfect Tense to talk about a past action that has the result in the present.

      Examples:
         I have lost my wallet. = I don't have it now.
         Jimmy has gone to South America. = He isn't here now.
         Have you finished your homework? = Is your homework ready?

      Tip! We often use just, already and yet with the Present Perfect Tense for an action in the past with the result in the present.

Past perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense verbs are formed with the helping verb had and the verb's past participle.

They show an action that came before another action in the past.

Here are some examples:

The team had won before I arrived.

My sister had just left when we walked in the door.

Although this verb tense shows an action that came before another action in the past, that other action does not have to be stated in the sentence.

It can simply be implied.

For instance, these sentences are still made with the past perfect verb tense although the past action is not state like it is in the sentences above.

The team had won.

My sister had just left.

Pronouns

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun (Lat: pronomen) is a pro-form that substitutes for a noun (or noun phrase) with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English. The replaced phrase is called the antecedent of the pronoun.

For example, consider the sentence "Lisa gave the coat to Phil." All three nouns in the sentence can be replaced by pronouns: "She gave it to him." If the coat, Lisa, and Phil have been previously mentioned, the listener can deduce what the pronouns she, it and him refer to and therefore understand the meaning of the sentence; however, if the sentence "She gave it to him." is the first presentation of the idea, none of the pronouns have antecedents, and each pronoun is therefore ambiguous. Pronouns without antecedents are also called unprecursed pronouns. English grammar allows pronouns to potentially have multiple candidate antecedents. The process of determining which antecedent was intended is known as anaphore resolution

Action story

Preview....
An action story is a recount that deals with action and adventure.

Action stories have these features:

• An Introduction
• A sequence of events
• A complication
• A climax
• A resolution
• Adjectives to describe characters and settings
• Verbs to show how actions are perfomed
• Adverbs to show how actions are perfomed
• Frequent use of the past tense

The actions in a story always happen in an order.This order is known as sequences.

Punctuation
Parenthes

Parentheses or brackets are used to surround in a sentence that isn't essensial to the meaning of the whole sentence.
Example:Many great thinkers(eg Galileo, Newton, and Einstein) achieved what they did by going against conventional thought.
Parantheses are also often used to add further comment and interest to sentences.

Prefix

Prefix is a word-begining that is attached to a stem word to change its meaning.
Some common prefix:
-The prefix un-, non-, in-, im-, il- and ir- changes a stem word to its opposite meaning.(eg kind become unkind)
-The meaning of the prefix mis- is to expresses incorrectness.(eg use become misuse)
-The meaning of the prefix re-  is to do again.(eg replace)

Suffixes

A suffix is a word-ending that is attached to a stem word to change its meaning.
There are two types of suffix:
-Inflectional suffix
-Derivational suffix

An inflectional suffix doesn't change the function that a stem word serves in a sentence.
A derivactional suffix changes a function of a stem word.

Grammar
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
Prepositions are short words that are relate one noun to another noun to another noun in a sentence.
Prepositions tell us where things are.

Example:The bullets are                 in                 his    pocket.
             noun     preposition        noun

Some common prepositions in English:
in, behind, up, at, on, above, to, beside, below, about, from, and before.

Prepositional phrases are  word groups that begin with a preposition.
Prepositional phrases tell us where and when an action take place.
Example:They buried themselves deep in the meat of wave.

An idiom is an expression that doesn't mean exactly what it says. Some idioms are prepositional phrases.
Example:
The idiom in the bag means to complete succesfully.